Germany has tightened entry restrictions on travellers from high-risk countries to include mandatory Covid-19 testing up to 48h prior to arrival, or immediately after entering the country, in addition to a 10-day quarantine period which can only be reduced if a second negative test result is confirmed after five days. Quarantine restrictions will be "adjusted accordingly" to comply with the new two-test strategy and implemented at state level by 11 January, says the German government. Meanwhile, the federal government "will issue special regulations beyond the mandatory testing already in place since August 2020, in particular for mandatory testing prior to entry from specific high-risk areas from which there is a special risk of infection due to the spread of mutations of the virus, or particularly high infection rates", the statement adds. German air navigation service provider DFS is reporting that the volume of air traffic in Germany "more than halved" last year, compared with 2019, as a result of the coronavirus crisis. DFS says it controlled "fewer aircraft in 2020 than at any point since it was founded in 1993". Some 1.46 million flights were recorded in German airspace in 2020 – a 56% reduction on the 3.33 million aircraft movements registered the previous year, says the ANSP. Frankfurt and Munich airports saw the greatest falls, while airports that handle a high proportion of freight have observed "significantly fewer drops in traffic", states DFS chief operating officer Dirk Mahns. "It will likely be 2025 before we see a return to pre-pandemic levels," adds Mahns. Until that time, DFS expects to collect "around €2 billion [$2.45 billion] less in charges than originally budgeted".

The US government’s criminal case against Boeing rested on the actions of just two Boeing employees who prosecutors say conspired to defraud the US government. That fact, and the size of Boeing’s actual fine for its role in the 737 Max disaster, has some aerospace analysts noting that larger issues might remain unaddressed. “I’m far from thrilled that, rather than actually talking very much about changing the company’s culture… there is simply the insistence that a couple of pilots bear the burden of the blame,” says Teal Group analyst Richard Aboulafia. The US government says on 7 January that Boeing agreed to pay $2.5 billion to settle a “fraud conspiracy” related to certification of the 737 Max. Two Max crashes – in 2018 and 2019 – killed 346 people, spurring a global grounding and numerous investigations. “The Boeing Company knowingly and willfully, and with the intent to defraud, conspired and agreed together with others to defraud the United States,” says the US Department of Justice’s (DOJ) complaint against Boeing, filed 7 January in US District Court for the Northern District of Texas. Boeing’s actual criminal penalty comes to $244 million, about 10% of the total $2.5 billion settlement. The balance includes $500 million to be paid to relatives of crash victims and $1.77 billion to compensate airlines for delayed deliveries. “The actual [fine] is 10% of the headline,” Aboulafia says, noting Boeing had been expected to compensate airlines and relatives anyway. “The rest seems suspiciously placed to make the headline bigger.” The DOJ based its case on actions of two Boeing employees, both flight technical pilots. Prosecutors allege those pilots misled the Federal Aviation Administration’s Aircraft Evaluation Group (AEG) about the Max’s Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS). The FAA’s AEG establishes pilot training requirements. Boeing added MCAS to the Max to counter the jet’s tendency, due to its larger engines, to pitch nose-up during certain flight circumstances. MCAS pitches the nose down. Both crashes were preceded by MCAS malfunctions; the pilots were unable to recover. Around November 2016, two Boeing flight technical pilots “discovered information about an important change to MCAS”, the DOJ says. Those pilots did not share their knowledge of the changes with the FAA. They “concealed this information and deceived the FAA AEG”, the government says. “Because flight controls were vital to flying modern commercial airplanes, differences between the flight controls of the 737NG and the 737 Max were especially important to the FAA AEG.” The DOJ does not name the two pilots. But in previously released emails, former Boeing technical pilots Patrik Gustavsson and Mark Forkner discussed concerns with MCAS. Neither man’s attorney responded to requests for comment. “Because of their deception, a key document published by the FAA AEG lacked information about MCAS, and in turn, airplane manuals and pilot-training materials for US-based airlines lacked information about MCAS,” the DOJ says. “Pilots flying the 737 Max for Boeing’s airline customers were not provided any information about MCAS.” The FAA’s AEG only learned about changes to MCAS after the first crash – that of a Lion Air jet on 29 October 2018. DOJ investigators were initially “frustrated” by Boeing’s slow response to its requests for information, the government says, adding that Boeing fully cooperated six months into the inquiry. Analyst Michel Merluzeau with consultancy AIR suspects the settlement will help Boeing put a troubled chapter in the past. “There is a sense of finality,” he says, noting Boeing has also restarted delivering Max after the FAA certificated the jet in November. Still, analysts believe outstanding safety issues remain . Merluzeau thinks the FAA’s oversight and certification function must be strengthened to close gaps. A law passed in late 2020 aims to do just that. It requires a review of the FAA’s Organization Designation Authorization, the process under which the FAA allows manufacturers to perform some aspects of certification. Aboulafia does not believe that the Max disaster stems from actions of just two pilots. “It seems to be that the causes of this accident are complicated”, involving company culture, management and oversight, he says.

Korean Air has gotten the green light from shareholders to amend its articles of association to help finance its planned acquisition of compatriot Asiana Airlines, moving the carrier a step closer in taking over its rival. At an extraordinary meeting on 6 January, the majority of Korean Air shareholders voted in support of the proposed amendment, which raises the upper limit of its shares to 700 million, from the current limit of 250 million. The increase will allow the carrier to conduct a W2.5 trillion ($2.3 billion) rights issue in March, which is part of plans to fund the Asiana acquisition, which is valued at around W1.8 billion. The amendment is the latest in a series of regulatory and legal hurdles Korean Air has overcome, in its acquisition of Asiana. In December, a Seoul district court quashed an attempt – sought by private equity fund and Korean Air shareholder Korea Corporate Governance Improvement (KCGI) – to block the takeover bid. The deal also reportedly faced scrutiny from competition watchdogs both in Korea and in major markets such as the USA and the European Union. In its latest statement following the shareholders’ meeting, Korean Air says it intends to submit documentation to foreign and domestic anti-trust authorities by mid-January, to review the deal. Work surrounding due diligence on Asiana, which began in December, is also ongoing, the carrier adds. By 17 March, Korean Air will unveil an “integration plan” relating to the acquisition.